The tadpole of Sphaenorhynchus palustris is described and illustrated from Municipality of Porto Seguro, State of Bahia, Brazil. Sphaenorhynchus tadpoles are very similar, however the tadpole of S. palustris is promptly distinguished from the other already described species by its very long spiracular tube. We also describe the advertisement call of S. palustris, from the same locality. It is a short trill, consisting of 1 to 3 pulsed notes; note duration varies from 0.01 to 0.05 s and note interval varies from 0.15 to 0.19 s; dominant frequency was about 2.62 ± 0.2 kHz. The Atlantic Rain Forest of the southern State of Bahia is one of the well-preserved areas remaining of this fragmented ecosystem; consequently it has unique value for amphibian conservation.